1. Ebumnuche
Iji mee ka usoro mkpuchi nickel na-enweghị electroless, njikwa paramita, na ihe achọrọ maka mma dị mma, hụ na mma mkpuchi kwụsiri ike nke na-emezu ụkpụrụ ndị ahịa na nke mba ụwa.
2. Oke
A na-etinye ya na ihe mkpuchi nickel na-enweghị electron na ígwè carbon, ígwè anaghị agba nchara, na ihe mkpuchi ọla kọpa. A naghị etinye ya na ihe mkpuchi magnesium, ihe mkpuchi titanium, ma ọ bụ usoro pụrụ iche ndị ọzọ.
3. Ntụaka Ndị Nkịtị
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Mkpuchi alloy nickel-phosphorus nke na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta onwe ya
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Ọkwa nke ihe nlele ule na ihe mkpuchi ọla na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị n'ime ihe ndị e ji ígwè mee mgbe anwalechara nchara
- • ASTM B733-18 – Nkọwapụta Ọkọlọtọ maka Mkpuchi Nickel-Phosphorus Autocatalytic (Electroless)
- • ISO 4527:2003 - Mkpuchi ọla - Mkpuchi alloy nickel-phosphorus autocatalytic (enweghị elektrọnik)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Mkpuchi ọla na ihe ndị e ji ígwè mee – Mkpuchi elektrọnik na nke e tinyere na kemịkalụ – Usoro nnwale nrapado
4. Ụkpụrụ Usoro
Mkpuchi nickel na-enweghị elektrọnik bụ usoro nchekwa kemịkalụ nke na-eme ka sodium hypophosphite belata ion Ni²⁺ iji mepụta mkpuchi alloy Ni-P.
Usoro mmeghachi omume:
- • Oxidation nke Anodic: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Mbelata Katọlik: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Njikọta phosphorus: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Nhazi mkpuchi site na ọdịnaya phosphorus:
| Ụdị | Ọdịnaya phosphorus |
| Obere-P | 1–5% |
| Ọkara-P | 5–10% |
| Elu-P | 10–15% |
5. Usoro nhazi
Nnyocha → Ịbelata mmanụ → Ịsacha ọkụ → Ịsacha mmiri na-asọ asọ → Ịpịcha mmiri → Ịsacha mmiri → Ịsacha mmiri → Ịsacha mmiri DI → Ịsacha mmiri na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla → Mgbake → Ịsacha mmiri nke ọkwa atọ → Ịsacha mmiri → Ịsacha mmiri DI → Ịsacha mmiri ...
6. Isi Usoro Paramita
| Paramita | Oke njikwa | Okwu ndị e kwuru |
| Ntinye uche nke Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Akwadoro 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphite | 25–35 g/L | Oke molar na Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Ihe na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Na-eme ka ion nickel sie ike |
| Mgbakwunye (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Na-ejigide ọnọdụ pH |
| uru pH | 4.5–5.5 (Etiti/elu-P) | A na-agbanwe ya site na iji ammonia ma ọ bụ sodium carbonate |
| Okpomọkụ | 85–90℃ | Kachasị mma 88±1℃ |
| Na-ebugo | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Ibu ibu dị elu na-ebelata ọnụego itinye ego |
| Ọnụego nkwụnye ego | 15–25 μm/h | Na-ebelata ka ịka nká nke ịsa ahụ na-ebelata |
| Oge | Nkeji 15–60 | Dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ achọrọ |
| Mkpali | Ikuku igwe ma ọ bụ ikuku dị ala | A na-akwado mmegharị ma ọ bụ mgbasa nke workpiece |
| Nzacha | Nzacha na-aga n'ihu, ọkwa 5–10 μm | Na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, na-egbochi oghere dị n'ime olulu |
7. Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ike Mkpuchi
7.1 Oke nha nke ọrụ
| ihe | Paramita |
| Nha kachasị | 1500 × 800 × 600 mm |
| Nha kacha nta | 5 × 5 × 5 mm |
| Ibu kachasị | 200 n'arọ |
| Ibu kacha nta | 1 g |
7.2 Ike Mkpuchi Ọkpụrụkpụ
| Ụdị | Oke ọkpụrụkpụ | Ngwa nkịtị |
| Akụkụ nkenke | 5–10 μm | Eriri, isi valvụ, ihe ndị mejupụtara hydraulic |
| Akụkụ ọkọlọtọ | 10–50 μm | Akụkụ ndị na-eguzogide nchara na iyi nkịtị |
| Mkpuchi dị arọ | 50–100 μm | Ndozi iyi, gburugburu ebe siri ike nke na-emebi ihe |
Nha nhata: ±10% (akụkụ izugbe); ±15% (ụdị mgbagwoju anya)
7.3 Njirimara Mkpuchi
| Akụ na ụba | E tinyere ya dịka mkpuchi | A na-agwọ ya n'ọkụ (400℃ × 1h) | Okwu ndị e kwuru |
| Ike siri ike (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ na-eme ka ike sie ike dịkwuo elu |
| Nrapado | ≤ Ọkwa 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Enweghị mkpụcha, enweghị mkpụcha |
| Nnwale ịgba nnu (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥awa 24 (Etiti-P) ≥72 awa (Elu-P) | — | Kwa ihe ndị ahịa chọrọ |
| Ntụpọsi | ≤1 isi/cm² | — | Ọ naghị amịpụta oghere nke ukwuu ≥25 μm |
| Nguzogide | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ: 400℃ ± 10℃, 1 awa, ikuku/ọkụ dị jụụ.
8. Ike Mmepụta
| ihe | Ike |
| Olu nke otu tankị | 2–5 m³ |
| Ibu ogbe | 500–1500 kg |
| Ike kwa ụbọchị | 3–8 tọn |
| Ọnụ ego kwa ọnwa | 80–200 tọn |
Rịba ama: ikike n'ezie dabere na ọdịdị, ọkpụrụkpụ, na ịka nká nke bat.
9. Nnyocha Ogo
9.1 Ihe Nnyocha
| ihe | Ụzọ | Ugboro ole | Usoro nnabata |
| Ọkpụrụkpụ | XRF / microscope metallographic | ≥Isi ihe 3 kwa otu egwuregwu kwa otu | Nhazi eserese; mmepe kachasị ≤10% |
| Ike siri ike | Ike siri ike HV0.1 | Otu ugboro kwa mgbanwe ọ bụla | ≥500 HV (dịka e ji kpuchie ya); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Nrapado | Faịlụ/gbagọrọ/ịkpụcha-obe+teepu | 1 iberibe kwa otu | Ọkwa ≤1, enweghị mkpụcha akpụkpọ ahụ |
| Ọdịdị | Anya (ìhè ọkọlọtọ) | 100% | Ọcha dị ọcha; enweghị ntụpọ ọ bụla |
| Nnu fesa | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Kwa otu/mgbanwe | Ọkara-P ≥24 awa; Ọkwa dị elu ≥72 awa |
| Ọdịnaya phosphorus | EDS / kemịkalụ | Izu ụka / ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọhụrụ | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Nhazi Ọdịdị
| Ọkwa | Nkọwa |
| Ọkwa A | Ha na-egbuke egbuke/ọkara-na-egbuke egbuke, enweghị ntụpọ ọ bụla |
| Ọkwa B | Obere akara mmiri/ebe a na-adọba ihe, enweghị oghere/mkpụcha |
| Ọkwa C | Obere ntụpọ/agba dị iche iche, ọ dịkwa mma ịrụ ọrụ |
| Jụ | Ịkpụcha, ịpụpụ, ịwụpụ ihe mkpuchi, ịgba ọkụ, nnukwu ọdịiche agba |
10. Ịchọpụta nsogbu
| Nsogbu | Ihe nwere ike ịkpata ya | Ngwọta |
| Njikọta na-adịghị mma | Ịbelata/ịtụcha mmanụ nke ọma; emeghị nke ọma | Meziwanye ọgwụgwọ tupu oge eruo; gbasaa ọrụ ahụ |
| Ịkpọpụta/ike | Mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ime bat; pH dị elu na-ebute | Mee ka nzacha dịkwuo mma (5 μm); pH dị ala |
| Mkpuchi na-adịghị mma/isi awọ | Ni²⁺/hypophosphite dị ala; pH dị ala/okpomọkụ | Tinye kemịkalụ; pH 4.8–5.2; kpoo ọkụ ruo 88℃ |
| Wụpụ mkpuchi | Mmetụta mpaghara; mmanụ/oxide fọdụrụnụ | Meziwanye ọrụ; wepụ mmanụ ọzọ |
| Ọnụego ntinye ego dị ala | Obere okpomọkụ/Ni²⁺/mbelata; gbanyụrụ pH; ụlọ ịsa ahụ ochie | Kpoo ọkụ ruo 88–90℃; gbanwee pH; mee ka mmiri dị ọhụrụ |
| Njedebe nke ịsa ahụ | Okpomọkụ gabiga ókè; pH dị elu; mgbakwunye ngwa ngwa; obere ibu | Kwụsị ikpo ọkụ; belata pH; belata mmiri ịsa ahụ |
11. Nchekwa
- • PPE: Uwe aka acid/alkali, enyo anya, ákwà mgbochi, ihe iku ume (amonia/acids).
- • Nchekwa kemịkalụ: Kewaa nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, asịd, alkalis; pụọ na okpomọkụ/mbelata.
- • Mmachibido iwu: Ejikọtala conc. acid + hypophosphite (phosphine na-egbu egbu). Gbazee ihe siri ike na mmiri DI mbụ.
- • Ikuku ikuku: Ikuku ikuku mpaghara dị n'elu tankị (iwepụ hydrogen).
- • Ihe mberede: Ịsa anya, ịsa ahụ, ntụ akọrọ/ihe na-eme ka CO₂ gbapụ, ihe na-eku ume, ihe na-awụfu ihe.
12. Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
- • Mmiri mkpofu: Mmiri mkpofu Ni kewapụrụ onwe ya; pH nke na-akpalite 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ: Ebe ịsa ahụ e tinyere ihe, nzacha, ihe na-eme ka ihe rụọ ọrụ, ihe mkpofu Ni - mkpofu ikike nwere ihe ngosi.
- • Mkpọpụta: Ikuku ikuku na-aga n'ihu; nyochaa ammonia/hydrogen kwa GB 16297.
- • Ike/mmiri: Kpuchie tankị ndị ahụ; sachaa mmiri n'akụkụ mmiri; ime ka ha jupụta nke ọma.
13. Ihe mejupụtara ịsa ahụ (Mid-Phosphorus, Akụkụ Izugbe)
| Kemikal | Ntinye uche | ọrụ |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Isi nnu, isi iyi Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Onye na-ebelata ihe, isi iyi P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Ihe na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | ihe nchekwa pH |
| Asịd lactic/propionic | 5–10 mL/L | Ọkụ ọsọ |
| Ihe na-eme ka ihe sie ike (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Na-egbochi ire ere |
Techaa:
1. Gbazee NiSO₄, citrate, acetate n'ime mmiri 1/3 DI, 60℃.
2. Gbazee hypophosphite + lactic acid n'ime ọkara ọzọ.
3. Gwakọta, jupụta ya ruo na olu ya, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Tinye ihe na-eme ka ihe sie ike, kpoo ọkụ ruo 88℃, nzacha, efere nnwale.
14. Ike Ngwaọrụ na Nnyocha
14.1 Isi Ngwa
| Ngwa | Nkọwapụta |
| Tankị mkpuchi | PP/PVC agbakọtara, kpoo ọkụ, njikwa okpomọkụ |
| Nzacha | Pampụ na-eguzogide acid + ụlọ, 5–10 μm, 1–3 ×/h |
| Njikwa okpomọkụ | PID, ±1℃ |
| Oven na-akpọ nkụ | Ikuku ọkụ, 60–120℃ |
| Ihe nhicha Ultrasonic | 40 kHz, ike a na-agbanwe agbanwe |
| DI mmiri | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Ngwa Nnyocha
| Ngwa | Izi ezi/Ụkpụrụ |
| Ọkpụrụkpụ XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Ike siri ike | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Ụlọ ịgba nnu | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Metallographic mikroskopu | 100–1000×, maịkromita |
| mita pH | ±0.02, nkwụghachi okpomọkụ |
| Nhazi nyocha | 0.01 g |
15. Ndekọ na Nchọgharị
- •Ndekọ mmepụta:Nọmba akụkụ, ọnụọgụ, okpomọkụ, pH, oge, ọkpụrụkpụ, onye ọrụ.
- •Akwụkwọ ịsa ahụ:Ni²⁺ kwa ụbọchị, hypophosphite, pH; mgbakwunye; nzacha/nhicha.
- •Ndekọ nyocha:Ọkpụrụkpụ, ike, njikọta, ọdịdị, nnu fesa.
- •Mmezi:Nhazi, mmezi ọkpọkọ, iwepụ ihe mkpofu, nlele fan (n'ime ọnwa atọ).
Njide:≥ afọ 3 (≥ afọ 10 maka ụgbọala/ọgwụ). A pụrụ ịchọta ya na okirikiri ịsa ahụ.
16. Ndokwa Ndị Ọzọ
- • Ngalaba Teknụzụ na-enyocha kwa afọ.
- • Edebere ma soro ihe ndị ahịa chọrọ (ihe gbasara mmiri nnu, ike, nkesa, H‑embrittlement).
- • Ngwaahịa ọhụrụ: Nnwale obere mbụ; mmepụta buru ibu mgbe emechara ule niile.
- • Maka njikwa mmepụta na nyocha ndị ahịa.
Akụkọ Ndezigharị
| Rev | Ụbọchị | Ọdịnaya nyocha | Kwadoro site na |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Mbupụta mbụ | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Mgbanwe zuru oke naanị maka Bekee | — |
Oge ozi: Mee-18-2026